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Introduction
1.1 The Earth in Space
Steve Earle
1.2 Earth System Science
1.3 Environmental Geology
Chapter 1 Summary and Questions for Review
2.1 Minerals
2.2 Rocks
2.3 Earth’s Interior
2.4 Plate Tectonics
2.5 Geosphere Earth Systems
Chapter 2 Summary and Questions for Review
3.1 Changes in Solar Output and in the Earth’s Atmosphere
3.2 Plate Tectonics and Climate Change
3.3 Volcanism and Climate Change
3.4 Earth’s Orbital Fluctuations and Climate Change
3.5 Ocean Currents and Climate Change
3.6 Extraterrestrial Impacts and Climate Change
Chapter 3 Summary and Questions for Review
4.1 Glacial Periods in Earth’s History
4.2 How Glaciers Work
4.3 Glacial Erosion
4.4 Glacial Deposits
4.5 Glaciers and Climate Change, Glaciers and Earth Systems
Chapter 4 Summary and Questions for Review
5.1 Factors that Control Slope Stability
5.2 Classification of Mass Wasting
5.3 Mitigating the Effects of Mass Wasting
5.4 Mass Wasting and Earth Systems
Chapter 5 Summary and Questions for Review
6.1 What is an Earthquake?
6.2 Earthquakes and Plate Tectonics
6.3 Measuring Earthquakes
6.4 The Impacts of Earthquakes
6.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties
Chapter 6 Summary and Questions for Review
7.1 Plate Tectonic Settings of Volcanism
7.2 Magma Composition and Eruption Style
7.3 Types of Volcanism
7.4 Volcanic Hazards
7.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions
7.6 Effects of Volcanic Eruptions on Humans and on Earth Systems
Chapter 7 Summary and Questions for Review
8.1 Metal Deposits
8.2 Mining and Ore Processing
8.3 Industrial Minerals
8.4 Fossil Fuels
8.5 The Implications of Resource Extraction for the Climate and Earth Systems
Chapter 8 Summary and Questions for Review
9.1 Solar and Wind
9.2 Hydro
9.3 Wave and Tidal Energy
9.4 Geothermal and Geo-Exchange
9.5 Nuclear Energy
9.6 Our Energy Future
Chapter 9 Summary and Questions for Review
10.1 Mechanical Weathering
10.2 Chemical Weathering
10.3 Soil Formation
10.4 The Soils of Canada
10.5 Clay Minerals
Chapter 10 Summary and Questions for Review
11.1 The Hydrologic Cycle
11.2 Anthropogenic Effects on Water Quality
11.3 Natural Effects on Water Quality
11.4 Groundwater
11.5 Streams and Stream Flow
Chapter 11 Summary and Questions for Review
12.1 Karst Landscapes and Systems
12.2 Karst Landscapes, Landforms, and Surface Features
12.3 Karst Hydrogeology
12.4 Karst Cave Features, Cave Contents, and Subterranean Life
12.5 Origin and Genesis of Caves
12.6 Human Interactions with Karst and Caves
Chapter 12 Summary and Questions for Review
13.1 Factors that Control Stream Discharge and Flooding
13.2 Examples of Flooding Events
13.3 Managing Floods and Limiting Flood Damage
13.4 Flooding and Earth Systems
Chapter 13 Summary and Questions for Review
14.1 The Waste Stream
14.2 Dumps and Landfills
14.3 Leachate and Landfill Gas
14.4 Waste to Energy
14.5 Liquid Wastes
Chapter 14 Summary and Questions for Review
15.1 Increasing Temperatures
15.2 Melting Glacial Ice and Permafrost
15.3 Extreme Weather Events
15.4 Climate Change and Earth Systems
15.5 Taking Climate Action
Chapter 15 Summary and Questions for Review
Appendix 1 Answers to Chapter Review Questions
Appendix 2 Answers to Exercises
Versioning History
